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Tổng Hợp Các Cấu Trúc Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh

MODEL 1: Diễn đạt nguyên nhân - kết quả​

Mẫu dùng mệnh đề (Because/Since/As):
Because/Since/As + S + V..., (kết quả)

Mẫu dùng cụm danh từ (Because of/As a result of/Due to):
Because of/As a result of/Due to + Noun/Noun phrase/V-ing..., (kết quả)

Ví dụ:

  • Because she behaves well, everybody loves her.
    → Because of her good behaviour, everybody loves her.
  • Because of his bad behavior, he must be punished.
    → As he behaved badly, he must be punished.

MODEL 2: Diễn đạt sự tương phản​

Mẫu dùng mệnh đề (Although/Though/Even though):
Although/Though/Even though + S + V..., (tương phản)

Mẫu dùng cụm danh từ (Despite/In spite of):
Despite/In spite of + Noun/Noun phrase/V-ing..., (tương phản)

Ví dụ:

  • Although it rains, we go to school on time.
    → Despite/In spite of the rain, we go to school on time.
  • Despite the noise, we continued to study.
    → Though it was very noisy, we continued to study.

MODEL 3: Diễn đạt kết quả mạnh (SO/SUCH...THAT)​

Cấu trúc:

  • So + adjective/adverb + that + S + V...
  • Such + (a/an) + adjective + noun + that + S + V...

Ví dụ:

  • The film was so good that I saw it three times.
    → It was such a good film that I saw it three times.
  • This book is so bad that nobody reads it.
    → It is such a bad book that nobody reads it.

MODEL 4: Diễn đạt giới hạn (TOO/ENOUGH)​

Cấu trúc:

  • Too + adjective/adverb + (for someone) + to-infinitive
  • (Not) + adjective/adverb + enough + (for someone) + to-infinitive

Ví dụ:

  • Mary is too young to get married.
    → Mary isn’t old enough to get married.
  • The tea was not cool enough for her to drink.
    → The tea was too hot for her to drink.

MODEL 5: Kết hợp các mẫu câu​

Chuyển đổi giữa SO/SUCH...THAT và TOO/ENOUGH:

Ví dụ:

  1. This raincoat is so small that she can’t wear it.
    → This raincoat is too small for her to wear.
  2. It was such an interesting novel that I read it many times.
    → The novel was interesting enough for me to read many times.
  3. The box was too heavy for the child to carry.
    → It was such a heavy box that the child couldn’t carry it.

MODEL 6: Cấu trúc với "it" làm chủ ngữ giả​

Cấu trúc:
To-infinitive... + be + Adj/Noun → S + V + it + Adj/Noun + to-infinitive

Ví dụ:

  • To live on my salary must be hard.
    → I find it hard to live on my salary.

MODEL 7: Câu điều kiện (Conditional Sentences)​

Các loại câu điều kiện:

  1. Loại 1 (Hiện tại - Tương lai):
    If + S + V(present), S + will/can/may + V...

  2. Loại 2 (Quá khứ đơn - Hiện tại giả định):
    If + S + V(past), S + would/could/might + V...

  3. Loại 3 (Quá khứ hoàn thành - Quá khứ giả định):
    If + S + had + V3, S + would/could/might + have + V3...

Ví dụ:

  • He can’t do the test because it is too difficult.
    → If the test weren’t too difficult, he could do it. (Loại 2)
  • I didn’t eat anything so I was hungry.
    → I wouldn’t have been hungry if I had eaten something. (Loại 3)

MODEL 8: Cấu trúc với "Unless" (If...not)​

Lưu ý:

  • "Unless" = "If...not"
  • Không thay đổi loại điều kiện khi chuyển đổi.

Ví dụ:

  • Unless it rains, we will go to the movies. (Loại 1)
    → If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the movies. (Loại 1)
  • If they didn’t attend class regularly, they couldn’t understand the lesson. (Loại 2)
    → Unless they attended class regularly, they couldn’t understand the lesson. (Loại 2)

MODEL 9: Diễn đạt khoảng thời gian​

Cấu trúc:

  • S + have/has + V3... + for + time
  • It is + time... + since + S + V(past)

Ví dụ:

  • Tom and Mary have been married for five years.
    → It is five years since Tom and Mary were married.
  • I haven’t seen my father for one month.
    → It’s one month since I last saw my father.

MODEL 10: Câu "Wish" (Mong ước)​

Các loại câu "Wish":

  1. Ước về tương lai:
    S + wish + S + would + V...
  2. Ước về hiện tại:
    S + wish + S + V(past)...
  3. Ước về quá khứ:
    S + wish + S + had + V3...

Ví dụ:

  • She won’t visit me again.
    → I wish she would visit me again. (Tương lai)
  • My wife can’t speak French.
    → I wish my wife could speak French. (Hiện tại)
  • What a pity you failed in your driving test.
    → I wish you hadn’t failed in your driving test. (Quá khứ)

MODEL 11: Diễn đạt thời gian từ lần cuối làm gì​

Cấu trúc:

  • S + have/has + not + V3/ed... + since/for...
    → S + last + V(past)... + when...
    → The last time + S + V(past)... + was...

Ví dụ:

  • I haven’t heard him since August.
    → The last time I heard him was in August.
  • I haven’t seen him since I was a student.
    → I last saw him when I was a student.

MODEL 12: Chuyển đổi "ago" sang "since/for"​

Cấu trúc:
S + V(past)... + ago → S + have/has + been + V-ing... + since/for...

Ví dụ:

  • He started working for this factory a year ago.
    → He has been working for this factory for a year.
    → He has been working for this factory since last year.

MODEL 13: Diễn đạt thời gian hoàn thành việc gì​

Cấu trúc:
S + V... + time → It takes/took + (Object) + time + to-infinitive...

Ví dụ:

  • She typed the letter in 20 minutes.
    → It took her 20 minutes to type the letter.
  • I walked to my office in 10 minutes.
    → It took me 10 minutes to walk to my office.

MODEL 14: Cấu trúc "Not until"​

Cấu trúc:
S + didn’t + V1... + until... → It was not until... + that + S + V(past)...

Ví dụ:

  • Tom didn’t begin to read until he was eight.
    → It was not until Tom was eight that he began to read.

MODEL 15: Cấu trúc nhờ vả (Causative Form)​

Cấu trúc chủ động:

  • S + have + Object1 + V1 + Object2
  • S + get + Object1 + to-infinitive + Object2

Cấu trúc bị động:

  • S + have + Object + V3/ed
  • S + get + Object + V3/ed

Ví dụ:

  • I will have Tom wash the car.
    → I will have the car washed.
  • I will get Tom to wash the car.
    → I will get the car washed.

MODEL 16: Câu bị động (Passive Voice)​

Cấu trúc cơ bản:
S + V + Object → S + be + V3/ed (+ by + agent)

Ví dụ:

  • The police is questioning him.
    → He is being questioned by the police.

MODEL 17: Chuyển đổi so sánh nhất ↔ so sánh hơn​

Cấu trúc:

  • So sánh nhất: S + be + the most + Adj + N...
  • So sánh hơn: S + have never + V3 + a/an + more + Adj + N + than...

Ví dụ:

  • My mother was the most warm-hearted person I've ever known.
    → I've never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother.

MODEL 18: Câu bị động với động từ tường thuật​

Cấu trúc:

  1. Dạng 1:
    People/They + V1 (believe/say/think...) + that + S + V...
    → It + is/was + V3 (of V1) + that + S + V...

  2. Dạng 2:

    • Khi V2 ở hiện tại/tương lai: S + be + V3 (of V1) + to-infinitive...
    • Khi V2 ở quá khứ: S + be + V3 (of V1) + to have + V3...

Ví dụ:

  • They think that the owner of the house is abroad.
    → It is thought that the owner of the house is abroad.
    → The owner of the house is thought to be abroad.
  • People thought that he had died in battle.
    → It was thought that he had died in battle.
    → He was thought to have died in battle.

MODEL 19: Chuyển đổi so sánh bằng ↔ so sánh hơn​

Cấu trúc:
S1 + be + not + as + Adj + as + S2 → S2 + be + Adj-er/more Adj + than + S1

Ví dụ:

  • Susan isn't as good at chemistry as Sarah.
    → Sarah is better at chemistry than Susan.

MODEL 20: Câu so sánh kép (Double Comparison)​

Cấu trúc:
As + S + V..., S + V... → The + Adj-er/More Adj + S + V..., the + Adj-er/More Adj + S + V...

Ví dụ:

  • As he grows older, he becomes increasingly cheerful.
    → The older he grows, the more cheerful he becomes.